TermPapersCorner Term Paper Writing Tips

A house that lasts a lifetime is built on a strong foundation. The analogy can be extended to a research paper, where a good research topic is critical in being the backbone of the paper. Thus the writer should be careful in choosing a topic in order to elicit a desirable response from his intended targeted readers’ audience. But how can one decide whether a research topic is good or not.

Before starting to write, the author of the research paper should explore his interests. It is always useful to exploit one’s sea of knowledge. Such an approach facilitates not only ease with the topic but also depicts command over the topic the writer portrays in the research paper. Further, the personal interest on behalf of the writer will motivate him to produce a piece of writing that was thoroughly researched and was not a victim of either procrastination or disinterest.

Another approach to choosing a good research paper topic can be to assess the data availability. Research papers always include literature reviews. However, careful consideration needs to be made whether the secondary data is sufficient to cover the needs of the paper. The writer needs to examine the study material to evaluate whether his hypothesis or argument of the paper is being satisfied with the data. On the contrary, at time the secondary data becomes burdensome. Excess inflow of information tends to baffle the writer who becomes perplexed in choosing what material may be best suited to his needs. In the end, the inability to limit the affect of secondary research may lead the research paper topic to sound vague and incapable of directing towards a single minded research analysis.

Whilst the process of choosing a good research paper topic one should be careful to arouse the reader’s interest. As goes the old proverb ‘too many cooks spoil the broth’; a similar case applies to research topics as well. While it may be easy to decide upon a common topic, it may not be able to yield a favorable response. The individual who may be reading the research paper might have come across the topic several times and may seem to have lost interest. Thus, in the end the paper is subject to an adverse reaction. Like ‘too many cooks’ too many writers previously may have contributed towards making it a mundane topic. Thus the writer should be careful in repeating the mistakes of his predecessors.

It is always crucial to assess the information requirements and interests of the reader to whom the writer will be directing his paper. A research paper topic may seem extremely interesting to the writer may prove to be a subject of concern or bias to the reader. Therefore, before deciding upon a topic, the writer needs to assess what would satisfy the reader’s appetite for knowledge. Such an approach emerges from the principles of marketing, where the customer is declared the king. In content writing, the reader then becomes the king in controlling the actions of the writer; application of the principles of demand and supply. By catering to the needs of the targeted audience, the writer will be successful in narrating facts that appeal to the reader and thus aid in developing a topic of appropriate concern for the research paper.

Illiteracy; the downfall of American Society

Illiteracy is a serious global problem that is confronting the world. It has its roots in the every corner of the world. This problem affects a significantly large part of the world and exists at various degrees across all countries, ethnic group, socio-economic classes and religious groups. According to estimates, more than 800 million adults in the world today are illiterate and in such a situation, there is a serious threat to the dream of making this world a better place to live in; a place free of poverty, hunger and conflicts. Although the situation is even worse in third world countries, the developed countries are also not a stranger to this problem. Even in United States, the rate of illiteracy is growing at an alarming rate.

Illiteracy in United States

“The illiteracy level of our children is appalling” (Bush, 2004).

These few words, said by the former US President, are sufficient to get an idea of the alarming and disturbing situation of illiteracy in the American society. The situation is not only affecting US children but according to statistics, a shocking amount of 44 million adults cannot even read a school level story to their kids. This is indeed a situation which has to be catered to for the revival of American society as it is ranked 12^th in the literacy test amongst 20 higher income countries.

Problems Faced by Illiterate People

Illiterate people find very hard time in coping up with every field of life. They find it difficult to fill a cheque, to adopt understanding of the political and economic scenario and to communicate confidently with other people. People unable to read medical prescriptions usually indulge in serious medical illnesses as they could not understand their prescriptions.

Illiteracy poses a threat to the person in every aspect of society. This is especially true when an illiterate person tries to find a decent job to meet his personal and family needs. In today’s recessionary environment, where graduates from even eminent universities are finding hard to get a good job, people who are functionally illiterate are facing a very tough time even to earn a living wage. The recent data issued by national institute of literacy indicates that about forty six to fifty one percent of American adults are surviving on an income which is below the individual poverty level threshold. The main culprit for this apathetic situation is illiteracy and their inability to read

Impact of Illiteracy on US Society

Illiteracy is having a profound effect on American society. The increased number of illiterate juvenile crime offenders is the repercussion of the negligence to this grave problem in the past. Education is a tool to educate people about how to live a purposeful life and become a productive citizen. People who are not educated opt for every possible means to survive, and thus when in a desperate situation they get involved in criminal activities. This argument that illiteracy pushes up crime rate is supported by the findings of US Department of Education, which reveal that sixty percent of the inmates are illiterate.

How to deal with it?

Some serious and continuous efforts are required by the people belonging to every walk of life to eradicate this plague. There should be result-oriented efforts to increase the literacy rates in young and adults. Strong need of volunteering work is required for this purpose at every level. This is an important fight that American nation is fighting against the enemies of the society and no one can even think of losing it, and letting the country fail.

There is a dire need to reform the American education system and reach out to all the illiterate people. There is a need to understand the reasons why these people choose to stay out of school and find ways to motivate them to bring them back in the classrooms. As stated in the words of another former President, Mr. Clinton “literacy is not a luxury; it is a right and a responsibility. If our world is to meet the challenges of the twenty-first century, we must harness the energy and creativity of all of our citizen” (Clinton, 1994).

References

George W Bush (January 23, 2004) George W. Bush on Literacy. accessed on august 19, 2009. http://mindprod.com/politics/bushismsliteracy.html

President Clinton (1994). Literacy for All. accessed on august 19, 2009. <http://www.orangeliteracy.org/home/index.php>

Introduction

Preparing a research paper was previously a task most of the students were afraid of as the job required in depth knowledge about the topic via a thorough study of the literature but what was even more difficult was to find easy to understand yet relevant literature regarding that topic. Nowadays, Internet has made this job really easy, even though still the worth of reference materials obtained from published “hard-copy” is more than information gathered through a source like Internet, but it is the amazing capability and charisma of Internet that has forced these academic journals to issue their online volumes as well, thus making the job even simpler. But even then, data mining from Internet sources can be very challenging at times because of the random distribution of information on the Internet

Synopsis

The difference between a term paper and a research paper needs to be understood properly. Where a term paper asks for assimilation of the literature available regarding any subject, its review and evaluation in one’s own words; a research paper needs generation of new data or hypotheses. The first and most basic step is to choose any topic on which research can be conducted. This topic need not be very broad in scope so that the process of drawing conclusions from the research does not depend on too many variables and constraints. This paper needs to convey something which is still not general knowledge that people already knows. The restrictions imposed by textbooks are generally difficult too follow in research but an adequate adherence to the basic fabric of research methodology needs to be kept all time.

As this paper is a research based project therefore too liberal use of pre-existing knowledge is not advisable, but in some instances scholarly sources can be quoted with proper citations.

The method of research over internet has been made difficult by the volume of information available on the Internet and random storage of information has made information retrieval different from a library research using a card catalog. A search engine works as an internet catalog card and by providing keywords a user can locate information, similar to searching the book name or author name in library catalog. The accumulation of data on most educational websites has forced them to include searchable indexes on their websites as well, thus saving time by allowing one to search every occurrence of any specific word or phrase at that site.

A lack of a standard for information quality is one reason why instructors still advice against too much reliance on Internet. But services like Wikipedia which allow its users to add, delete or edit the contents, thus propagating a picture which may get at times out of sync with the reality has played a huge role in this premonition. The peer review system used by printed journals is gaining popularity on Internet as well. In peer-reviews an article or piece of information is sent to external reviewers mostly experts in that area before printing, and after their approval of manuscript and establishing a general consensus over the standard and quality of work it got published. Most of the information obtained through Internet is not peer-reviewed. This gives a probability of unintentional inclusion of information which is plagiarized, has flaws of facts and/or interpretation, some sort of prejudice in opinions or do not have the deep and thorough analytical testing of the peer-reviewed literature. Similarly, temporal nature of information available on Internet asks for date of access of information with the citation.

But Internet offers many more benefits to research than its few drawbacks (which will be hopefully taken care of in due course of time). The first of all abundance of information without moving away from the chair one may receive in front of one’s eyes is really amazing. Couple it with the solutions of problems like selection of research topic, the currency of data and the information about the most distinguished workers in any field of study and Internet becomes the most powerful tool of research in modern times.

Conclusion

One of the drawbacks of Internet is that it can lure the user to perform misdeeds like cutting and pasting a sentence or paragraph from someone else’s work. This cheating from another source is termed as plagiarism, which is an intellectual dishonesty which in the professional world is treated just like stealing, lying and cheating. Plagiarism from Internet is very easy but catching plagiarized work sentence to sentence source to source has become even easier and instructors can, by using specially developed software, can catch it, therefore, it should be avoided.

A good research paper is only as good as the effort that’s put into researching its content. The reason for assigning research papers is to judge a writers ability to search for relevant pieces of writing and incorporate that content and its understanding in the writer’s own paper. Research paper assesses the abilities of a writer to find out pertinent materials that could expand the writer’s research and would contribute in supporting and building an understanding of a subject.

Strategies for writing research paper include proper research using effective researching tools such as literary databases on the internet or from the library. The most important step in writing research paper is to collect valuable pieces of information. Literary pieces and essay alone don’t qualify for research material. Referring to periodicals, newspapers, magazines, and other informational guides can direct considerable amount of information. Consulting past case studies and periodical reviews adds prominent value and quality to research paper as their evaluation provides a keen insight in producing ideas and content of your own.

The next step requires finding relevant and effective material that would provide substantial content which contains accurate details that would help a writer construct a plausible and evidence-based paper.

Once the information is sorted out, the next step is to plan out the research paper. This step requires strategic and sequential placement of the researched information within the paper so as to construct an effective essay with proper flow of idea and information. Placing information in chronological order would help develop a constant flow of ideas in the research paper.

Surfing through various pieces of information could side track writers from the original objective of the paper. Hence before collecting information it is necessary to establish whether the selected research contributes to support the idea behind the constructed research paper or undermines it.

Research papers require establishing viewpoints with respect to the information that they represent. It is essential in this case to know that information appended with the paper generates the proper effect for the writer to establish his perspective in accordance with it. It is better to adopt certain precautionary methods before constructing the final draft of the paper by producing secondary drafts in order to rectify any mistakes that might have occurred in the process of writing. The secondary drafts should be reviewed thoroughly to nix unimportant and unnecessary content that hampers the flow of the essay. Once the review is complete, it is safe to construct the final draft.

Effective research papers are also determined by effective analysis of the data that is provided with them. Research papers don’t only require research and inclusion of external data but also require the analysis and interpretation of the research data. This is an important part of the paper as it assesses your ability to manipulate information gathered from your research in a constructive manner in order to support and establish the writer’s perspective. Through this process writers can learn to use researched data in order to establish a rhetorical piece of writing that interprets and recognizes the relevance of the data that is collected.

Hence, the above mentioned strategies can assist writers in preparing quality research papers that features relevant and considerable amount of information that can be elaborated and incorporated to improve and support the writer’s point of view.

Custom generated essays are more efficient in expressing personal intellect and potential. An essay produced by writers themselves reflects their personal perspective and perception that can add to further knowledge of the reader. Although, custom written essays require significant effort and the end product could be far from desirable, it expresses personal thoughts on the subject it interprets.

It is the individual identification of the writers which sets them apart from the rest. However, reusing essay paper with the intent of producing better essays is constructive but it strips away the incorporation of personal understanding from the essay that the writer wishes to express. It limits the possibilities of innovative and novel writing that could offer alternate viewpoints over a single subject.

By producing custom essays, writers can stretch the envelope by inventing new methods of writing that can influence to alter older prescribed methods.

Writers can find inspiring notes and eloquent quotes by referring to the work of other writers and previously written essays but channeling inspiration through ones own writing makes a greater impact which produces better and more powerful pieces of writing. Reused essay papers can influence writers to bend their thought and understanding and limit their imagination and the incorporation of their personal perception in their writing. This can greatly alter perceptions and the progress that writers develop through their own writing.

Personal creativity is an art that stems from the expression of individual thought and limiting that thought process to the understanding of another with the intent to produce effective pieces of writing only ruptures personal potential growth. Custom written essays shun older clichés and helps break writing ruts inventing more vibrant expression of thoughts.

The thought process in producing custom essays requires more research and effort to produce but the process only adds to the knowledge of writers allowing them to reinvent notions and create the writing that inspires many more.

An effective piece of writing is the one the expresses an individuals original critique and evaluation regarding any subject. In the attempt of a poor interpretation or understanding the process entails a learning process that only requires writers to get better in the task of writing.

Custom essays require writers to establish a construction of thought invoking preview that would invent new methodologies for constructing written pieces. The ability to do so is very limited when essay content is reused and reinvented. Moreover, the process of establishing essays with the help of reused papers can eliminate the essence of personal involvement with the subject. Some contents require writers to establish a personal account of a recollection which can only be channeled effectively through the interpretation of writers themselves. In such cases, it is difficult to produce effective written pieces through the help of reused papers because it effaces the personal and emotional immersion that the writers need to establish and portray.

Hence, it is important to construct custom written essays as opposed to reinventing previously written essays to produce effective writing. Limiting personal involvement by reusing papers only proves to rupture a writer’s ability to produce solid writing and add the personal signature that differentiates them from the rest. Adding a personal zest to one’s writing only increases the quality of essays which refurnishes preconceived notions about creating appropriate and powerful essays to produce effective responses from the readers.

Swine Flu

The H1N1 virus (swine influenza) is a novel infection that has not earlier been known in North America. It has recently, however, infected a number of people in the United States and Mexico. Swine flu is actually a respiratory virus of pigs which was first identified in 1918 and although historic diffusion to human beings has been sporadic, the infection rate in humans is intensifying at present (Barnes, 2008).

The H1N1 virus, just like seasonal influenza, is simply spread by the minute drops in a sneeze or cough. The person infected may cough into an empty space but it will leave microorganisms (germs) on the place that can easily be picked by the other person by touching that place.

The major symptoms of swine influenza are reported to include chills, dyspnea, headache, vomiting, diarrhea, myalgia, and fatigue. The chances of having Conjunctivitis is uncommon, but has been reported in some cases. Other symptoms include mild illness of respiratory track like nasal blocking and rhino rhea without temperature. In very rare cases sporadic severe diseases like pneumonia and respiratory failure also has been reported. Approximately thirty to fifty percent of the severe and deadly swine flu infections have been among young and middle-aged people who were previously in good physical shape (Barnes, 2008).

History of Swine flu

The Influenza outbreak of 1918, also remembered as the “Spanish” flu strain, and graded as an epidemic, is believed to have infected more than thirty percent of the total population of the world and became the source of as many as fifty million fatalities (Barnes, 2008). The death figure, according to the United States Center for Disease Control, could have been almost twice that since a number of people departed their life in that era were not actually diagnosed, nor were any samples of blood taken for testing and identification of the infection in the laboratory.

The rising rate of the swine flu infection rate has forced WHO to raise the level of the swine flu alert to its extreme alert level of Phase six from Phase five. The WHO, by moving up to its maximum alert level is signifying the fact that a worldwide epidemic might be under way. The severity of the virus, at this initial stage however, can be described internationally as being moderate.

Steps taken to control the epidemic

The Government, in order to control the spread of the endemic, has extended the authority of health officials and representatives to force the infected people and those who have been in a very close contact with somebody who has swine flu infection to be quarantined at home. This also includes forced barring of students and teachers from educational institutes.

(http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/04/090428222627.html)

This authority, however, has not considered necessary to be used since everyone who has been requested to segregate themselves has done so willingly and voluntarily.

Tony Ryall, the Health Minister has lately announced that The H1N1 virus -swine flu has been added to the health policies covering diseases that are notifiable and transmittable. The health ministry has informed the educational institutes to be ready for unexpected closures that could last more than a few weeks, and to have discussions with parents about distant learning.

References

Barnes, Ethne (2008); Diseases and Human Evolution; Published by UNM Press,

Science Daily (Apr. 28, 2009); Swine Flu Outbreak Continues To Grow, As Worldwide Pandemic Alert Level Raised To Phase 6 http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/04/090428222627.html

How to make a Cover Page of a Term Paper

It is often believed that a book is judged by its cover. Hence the cover page or the title page of a paper, which could be an assignment, research report or a term paper, gives the face and introduction to the work being discussed in that particular paper. Also the cover page conveys critical information about the writer of the paper; hence, it is also vital in expressing the length of the paper.

Given the importance of a Cover page in a term paper, it should be arranged very carefully, keeping in mind that its contents are not only free of all types of syntactical and structural errors, but also, the contents should be brief and precise, without any unnecessary information being crammed in it. Also the arrangement of contents on the cover should be so as to leave a pleasant and clear-cut effect on the mind of the reader.

The contents of Cover Page should include;

Title

The title should be placed in the middle of the page in block letters; given the page is a Standard-sized paper (8.5″ x 11″), the title would be center if its placed at parallel to 4″ marker vertically, using the center alignment feature provided in Microsoft Office. The title of the paper is supposed to be the most emphasized part of your paper so its content should be concise and accurate.

Writer’s Name

Immediately below the title, in the next line writer’s name should be mentioned. There should be double spacing between consecutive lines.

Institution Name

The name of writer’s institution should appear in the next line after writer’s name. Again there should be double spacing between the lines.

Course Instructor’s Name and Course Name

In last, the name of professor to whom the paper is to be submitted should appear. The next line should mention the name of course, followed by the date of submission.

All the above mentioned contents of the title page are to be placed using center alignment, with double spacing in between. Now to give final touch to the Cover page, a running head and a page header are included. Their placement should be as follows

Running Head

The running head in a term paper is the shortened title of the paper. It is mentioned on the extreme left corner of the Cover page after leaving 1″ margin on each side. It is mentioned along with the actual words “Running Head” followed by a colon, after which the shortened title is stated. This short title is supposed to appear on every page of your paper.

Page Header

A page header of the Cover page is added in the first 1″ of the paper starting from extreme upper left corner of the page and ending in at extreme right upper corner. It is usually 1″ wide and contains the page number along with the running head.

This covers all the important aspects of term paper writing, so, happy writing!

How to write a Good Personal Essay

A personal essay is a reflection of a person’s thoughts and actions after the deeds. The actions and reactions have taken place and the author is reminiscing about the things that actually happened and what could have happened. In short, a personal essay is a writer’s attempt to share his thoughts with those who are literally strangers to him.

Like any good essay, if the basics are to be followed, a personal essay will also contain an introductory paragraph followed by three to four paragraphs containing three to four ideas relating to writer’s views. The essay should have a conclusion paragraph at the end, but when it comes to the contents of this paragraph, there should not be any stagnation in views and ideas, the vocabulary or the style of conveying the contents.

There are few pointers that should be considered when writing a personal essay. As the essay is a reflection of writer’s own personality, he should make sure that it is presented in the best possible manner. Hence, the following points should be taken under consideration;

Tense

It is accepted as a norm by most critics that a personal essay should be written with first person point of view. Rather than writing the who said what in one’s own words and then explaining his or her emotions, it is a wiser and suitable choice to adopt the active voice. It allows the reader to take an event at its face value.

Language

The language being used in the essay plays a vital part in keeping the reader engrossed in a particular account. Instead of assembling long tedious sentences revolving around a single idea, being short and snappy is the preferred approach for personal accounts as it keeps the reader interested and prevents the essay from getting monotonous.

Grammar

Use of correct grammar is also a very important component for a good personal essay. It is vital for the writer to keep in mind that the content of his essay are not only free from all types of syntactical and structural errors, but also there should not be any grammatical errors present in the account. These types of errors tend to take the attention of the readers away from the content of essay and reflect badly upon the credibility of writer.

After making sure the above mentioned areas are covered, the actual writing of the essay begins. As mentioned earlier, the essay is to be divided in three portions; introduction, body and conclusion.

Introduction

After undertaking an interesting topic, starting the essay with an interesting sentence is crucial. The reader needs to be addressed so that he feels involved in the events that are unfolding in the essay. A strong compelling introduction gains the interest of a reader and given a hint about the body of essay, without actually revealing it.

Body

The body of an essay can comprise of three or more paragraphs. These hold the content that needs to be addressed in the essay. Each paragraph discusses a single idea, but it does so in a way that a whole essay is being written in a single paragraph. Here, the first few lines are used to introduce the idea for that particular paragraph, followed by a discussion of the idea, while the last few lines usually wrap up the discussion by stating the effects of that idea. A paragraph usually contains eight to ten lines. But this is not a restriction as the key is to present the views without being boring and repetitive.

Conclusion

Finally, the last paragraph concludes all the ideas discussed in the preceding paragraphs of the essay. The conclusion usually includes the hopes and wishes of the writer regarding his ideas. A good conclusion also ties all the loose ends and hints that are deliberately included in the introduction.

Chicago Citation Style

The Chicago referencing style, also referred as The Chicago Manual of Style or CMS, is a commonly followed documentation style, especially in American English literary works or papers. It has been a frequently adapted style for documentation of editorial practice. This style is followed when the source of information about a stated fact is important to be known, rather than just the author and year of publication of the source. The Chicago style is specially preferred for the effective use of its foot notes or end notes, where the author can include the complete source information or incorporate extra information to make the essay more meaningful.

Types of Chicago Style Manual

The Chicago style of documentation follows two types of styles for the papers. These are termed as Author-Date style of citation and Notes-Bibliography style.

General Guidelines

An essay should include a page header at the top right of every single page. The page header contains the page number along with the running head. Paper must be double spaced assuming that standard-sized paper (8.5″ x 11″) is being used, with a margin of 1” on each side. A complete paper is supposed to contain “Cover or Title Page”, “Body” and “References or Bibliography” and in case of Notes-Bibliography style “footnotes”.

Title Page:

When doing the Cover page or the Title page of Chicago styled paper, it is necessary that the title should be placed in the middle of the page in block letters; immediately below the title, in the next line writer’s name should be mentioned with double spacing between consecutive lines. The name of writer’s institution should appear in the next line, followed by name of the professor for the course, name of course and then finally the date. Also on the cover page Running head is mentioned on the extreme left corner of the Cover page after leaving 1″ margin on each side. A page header of the Cover page is added in the first 1″ of cover page containing running head and page number.

Numbering:

The page numbers appear on the top right corner of each page in page header. All pages are numbered in the Chicago styled papers, including the cover page, which is numbered 1. So the page after the title page is number 2.

Spacing and Margins:

The papers written in Chicago style have standard double line spacing between two consecutive lines, with 1″ margins left on each side of the page. Each new paragraph begins with half inch indent on its extreme left in the first sentence. The quotations in Chicago styled papers are referred as block quotation and in a quotation the line spacing is kept single, with entire quotation half indented from the margin or is center aligned.

Footnotes and Bibliography:

The Bibliography maintained in Author-Date style is simple, i.e. mentioning name of author and year of publication within round brackets for in text citation, but the entry of corresponding source in bibliography follows certain rules.

Books by a single author

Last name, First initial. Middle initial. (Year). Book title (italics). Location: Publisher.

Books by two or more authors

Last name, First initial. Middle initial., Last name, First initial. Middle initial., and Last name, First initial. Middle initial. (Year). Book title (italics). Location: Publisher.

Edited book

Last name, First initial. Middle initial. (Ed.). (Year). Book title (italics). Location: Publisher.

Articles in a journal

Last name, First initial. Middle initial. Title of article. Journal Title, Volume, (Year), pages.

Article in a magazine

Such articles are not included in Bibliography. Citation is made in running text style.

Article in a newspaper

Such articles are not included in Bibliography. Citation is made in running text style.

Article retrieved from an electronic database

Last name, First initial. Middle initial. (Year). Article title. Journal Title, Volume, pages. Retrieved Month Day, Year, from Database title database.

However, when following the Notes-Bibliography Style, the in text citation is mentioned by square brackets [] with a numeral written in between, the number points to corresponding foot note included in the end of that page. The procedure for writing footnotes is as follows,

Books by a single author

Last name, First initial. Middle initial. (Book title. Location: Publisher. Year).

Books by two or more authors

Last name, First initial. Middle initial., Last name, First initial. Middle initial., and Last name, First initial. Middle initial. (Book title. Location: Publisher. Year).

Edited book

Last name, First initial. Middle initial. (Ed.). (Year). Book title. Location: Publisher.

Articles in a journal

Last name, First initial. Middle initial. Title of article. Journal Title, Volume, (Year), pages.

Article in a magazine

In the footnote, the commentary is made in running text style.

Article in a newspaper

In the footnote, the commentary is made in running text style.

Article retrieved from an electronic database

Last name, First initial. Middle initial. Article title. Journal Title, Volume, pages. Retrieved Month Day, Year, from Database title database. (Year).

Harvard Citation Style

Harvard referencing style is the system, which is frequently used in physical, natural and social sciences. Due to the flexibility, ease and lucidity which this system provides, to both readers and writers, this style has become the most commonly used style internationally for academic journals.

General Guidelines

An essay should include a page header at the top right of every single page. The page header comprises of 2-3 words of the main subject of paper, after which a page number should be placed. Paper should use double spacing on a Standard-sized paper (8.5″ x 11″), having margin of 1” on each sides.

In-Text Citation

In Harvard citation style, all a writer needs to do is to mention the author and the date of the publication while doing in-text citation, while the bibliography page has to be organized in an alphabetical order. When quoting someone other’s work in the text, that text should be enclosed in quotation marks, followed by the last name and the date. At the same time, if a writer paraphrases someone’s work, then it is not required to be put in quotation marks, but the work should be cited by writing author’s name and the publication year.

Bibliography page

In the bibliography page, all the sources which are used and cited in the paper must be listed. These sources must be listed on alphabetical order.

Following are the formats used for bibliography page

Books by a single author

For referencing a book written by one author, following order must be followed

Last name, First initial. Middle initial. (Year of publication). Book title (in italics), volume number. Place of publication: Publisher

Books by more than one author

For the book, which is written by more than one author, the order will be

Last name, First initial. Middle initial and . Last name, First initial. Middle initial (Year of publication). Book title (in italics), volume number. place of publication, Publisher

Articles from a journal

An article from a journal should be cited as following format

Last name, First initial. Middle initial. (Year of publication). Title of article, journal of article Volume, pages,

Article in a newspaper

Articles from a newspaper are cited as

Last name, First initial. Middle initial. (Year,). Article title. Newspaper Title, Month Day, pages

Article retrieved from an electronic database

Last name, First initial. Middle initial. (Year). Article title. Journal Title [Internet], date of publication, Volume, pages. Available from: <Internet address> , [Accessed and date of viewing the page]